The US Dollar Index (DXY), which measures the value of the US Dollar (USD) against six major currencies, is remaining steady after two days of gains and trading around 98.30 during the Asian hours on Wednesday.
The Greenback gains ground on the volatile geopolitical climate in the Middle East following recent comments from US President Donald Trump. While claiming that Iran is “under control,” the President warned of a binary outcome: a new deal or total “decimation.” In response, Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi maintained a firm stance, asserting that any viable peace agreement must include reparations, recognized sovereignty over the Strait of Hormuz, and a complete end to US sanctions.
Moreover, the US Dollar may receive support as a hotter-than-expected US Consumer Price Index (CPI) has reinforced a hawkish sentiment among investors, signaling that the Federal Reserve (Fed) is likely to maintain elevated interest rates to combat persistent inflationary pressures.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported on Tuesday that April CPI rose 0.6% month-over-month, pushing the annual inflation rate to 3.8%, its highest level since May 2023. Core CPI, which strips out volatile food and energy costs, also trended upward with a 2.8% annual rise.
With the prospect of a Federal Reserve (Fed) rate cut this year effectively off the table, markets are now pricing in a quarter-point hike for December. Investor focus has shifted to the upcoming producer inflation data, which is expected to provide critical insight into how the economic ripple effects of the war in Iran are permeating the US landscape.
US Dollar FAQs
The US Dollar (USD) is the official currency of the United States of America, and the ‘de facto’ currency of a significant number of other countries where it is found in circulation alongside local notes. It is the most heavily traded currency in the world, accounting for over 88% of all global foreign exchange turnover, or an average of $6.6 trillion in transactions per day, according to data from 2022.
Following the second world war, the USD took over from the British Pound as the world’s reserve currency. For most of its history, the US Dollar was backed by Gold, until the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971 when the Gold Standard went away.
The most important single factor impacting on the value of the US Dollar is monetary policy, which is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability (control inflation) and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these two goals is by adjusting interest rates.
When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, the Fed will raise rates, which helps the USD value. When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates, which weighs on the Greenback.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve can also print more Dollars and enact quantitative easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system.
It is a non-standard policy measure used when credit has dried up because banks will not lend to each other (out of the fear of counterparty default). It is a last resort when simply lowering interest rates is unlikely to achieve the necessary result. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice to combat the credit crunch that occurred during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy US government bonds predominantly from financial institutions. QE usually leads to a weaker US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing in new purchases. It is usually positive for the US Dollar.
